Thứ Ba, 1 tháng 11, 2016

Weight Reduction part 22

68Cadillac 12-31-2011 05:23 PM

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_3683.jpg[/IMG]
EVAP removed from under hood [COLOR="Red"][B]IGNORE THE ARROWS[/B][/COLOR]

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_3706.jpg[/IMG]
More EVAP missing. Yes. PS Fluid, please ignore. ;)
gtasti 12-31-2011 07:37 PM

Beauty got to do this mod
SUBYS R US 01-01-2012 12:17 AM

What are the benifits of removing the EVAP?
68Cadillac 01-01-2012 12:22 AM

[quote=SUBYS R US;36006918]What are the benifits of removing the EVAP?[/quote]
What's the title of the thread?
SUBYS R US 01-01-2012 12:38 AM

[quote=68Cadillac;36006937]What's the title of the thread?[/quote]

That's my point!!

It does nothing other then weight issues...
u2_m4r1n3 01-01-2012 12:41 PM

[quote="SUBYS R US"]

That's my point!!

It does nothing other then weight issues...[/quote]

Ok....
vicious_fishes 01-01-2012 05:16 PM

just did a battery relocation: very easy. you can actually cut the standard tie-rods and then place the ends in a vice and bend them around to give them hooks. then just drill a pair of holes in the floor and voila, side mounted battery under the passenger seat!
1x2 01-05-2012 01:09 AM

I've been watching this thread for a long time and read every post- you guys are wild!

I threw in the towel at 2,788 lbs.

Keep it up! :banana:
u2_m4r1n3 01-05-2012 03:54 AM

[quote="1x2"]I've been watching this thread for a long time and read every post- you guys are wild!

I threw in the towel at 2,788 lbs.

Keep it up! :banana:[/quote]

Your car must be stripped down quite a bit, to be sitting at that weight.
Splinter 01-05-2012 11:39 AM

[QUOTE=u2_m4r1n3;36039444]Your car must be stripped down quite a bit, to be sitting at that weight.[/QUOTE]

A lot easier to get a WRX down to that weight :P 6MT + r180 is heavy
bue car 01-05-2012 12:08 PM

subscribbed...

i have done quite a bit on my old rs.. and the l is even better..

any ideas for a frame? this will be a rally car

There is no tar left or anything.. glass will be replaced with lexan.. its already been pulled off.

[IMG]http://i146.photobucket.com/albums/r255/thyfacelessgod/95%20L/Picture114.jpg[/IMG]

[IMG]http://i146.photobucket.com/albums/r255/thyfacelessgod/95%20L/Picture112.jpg[/IMG]

[IMG]http://i146.photobucket.com/albums/r255/thyfacelessgod/95%20L/Cleanfloors4.jpg[/IMG]
u2_m4r1n3 01-05-2012 01:19 PM

[quote="Splinter"]

A lot easier to get a WRX down to that weight :P 6MT + r180 is heavy[/quote]

Haha, true. I'm using the app, so I can't see anyones car on the left side. :/

When I had the 09 STI, I only got down to about 3140 lbs, full tank, no driver. Might of been able to do another 100-150 lbs... But it would have been a lot more money than I had already put in... Some more CF was needed, lol.
u2_m4r1n3 01-05-2012 01:41 PM

[quote="Splinter"]

A lot easier to get a WRX down to that weight :P 6MT + r180 is heavy[/quote]

Haha, true. I'm using the app, so I can't see anyones car on the left side. :/

When I had the 09 STI, I only got down to about 3140 lbs, full tank, no driver. Might of been able to do another 100-150 lbs... But it would have been a lot more money than I had already put in... Some more CF was needed, lol.
Hold_Fast 01-05-2012 03:06 PM

[quote=JDwhiteWRX;35843431]Inspired by 68Cadillac I used a spot weld removal tool on my engine bay to shave off a few brackets I no longer use.[/quote]

Link to the tool you used?
Splinter 01-05-2012 03:43 PM

[quote=Hold_Fast;36043224]Link to the tool you used?[/quote]

They're available from any auto parts store that deals with body work stuff.

Pro-Tek JMC001 is one type.

It's just a really tiny holesaw essentially. They're very pricey, but if you use LOTS of PROPER lubrication (not effing wd-40), go slow they should last a long time.
bue car 01-06-2012 11:37 AM

lol my car is the second pictures when you look this up now

Pro-Tek JMC001
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 12:00 PM

[quote=Hold_Fast;36043224]Link to the tool you used?[/quote]

[URL="http://lmgtfy.com/?q=spot+weld+remover"]Here you go.[/URL]
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 12:05 PM

[quote=bue car;36041537]subscribbed...
any ideas for a frame? this will be a rally car
[/quote]
Look it up in your rule book. What ever sanctioning body you run with will have rules as to the cage and the materials it must be made from. Save yourself a headache and build your car to the rules.
[LIST=1][*]Pick a sanctioning body (SCCA, NASA)[*]Pick a class[*]Pick a car that qualifies for the class[*]Start buying parts, modifying and welding.[/LIST]
bue car 01-06-2012 12:21 PM

[quote=68Cadillac;36051314]Look it up in your rule book. What ever sanctioning body you run with will have rules as to the cage and the materials it must be made from. Save yourself a headache and build your car to the rules.
[LIST=1][*]Pick a sanctioning body (SCCA, NASA)[*]Pick a class[*]Pick a car that qualifies for the class[*]Start buying parts, modifying and welding.[/LIST][/quote]

This is a weight reduction thread.. not a help me build a log booked cage ;)


Any ideas to make the car a little lighter while I have it down to nothing?
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 01:22 PM

[quote=bue car;36051478]
Any ideas to make the car a little lighter while I have it down to nothing?[/quote]
If you build a cage you can take out the seat "pedalstals". The two rails the seats bolt to in the passanger area. Generally you build a portion on the cage for the seats to bolt to.

The sheet metal that is the rear floor in the trunk/cargo area can go. Replace it with a custom piece of Kevlar/epoxy that you glue in or. Aluminum sheet that you rivet in.

Frame rails rear of the shock towers in the back can be lightened. Holesaw, or my new favorite design tessellated rounded triangles.

[IMG]http://www.rockanddirt.com/thumbnail?2004-MANAC-none-flatbed-trailers&db=trailerdb&width=460&height=345&fname=32423/3667519_a.jpg[/IMG]
This is the best image I could find. The triangles would need to be larger, relatively.

You could do the same to the frame rails in front of the K-member in the front of the the car. The rails in front of that are there to do three things:

1. Absorb impacts. You can see the crush zone "folds" in the sheet metal.
2. Hold up the radiator.
3. Hold up the body work.


Fiberglass or Kevlar or Carbon fiber and epoxy roof.
bue car 01-06-2012 01:29 PM

Is the oem roof that heavy on a gc?

the above pic is perfect.. i was thinking about asking that question next. thanks!
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 02:02 PM

[quote=bue car;36052104]Is the oem roof that heavy on a gc?[/quote]
[I]Don't look for one location to save a pound, look for 16 locations to save 1/16th of a pound[/I]. - Carroll Smith
bue car 01-06-2012 02:34 PM

that should be on page 1 haha
vicious_fishes 01-06-2012 02:41 PM

[quote=bue car;36051478]This is a weight reduction thread.. not a help me build a log booked cage ;)


Any ideas to make the car a little lighter while I have it down to nothing?[/quote]

gut the doors (up to the inside handles) and cut the crash bars out of them.
Splinter 01-06-2012 02:56 PM

If it's an RS with a sunroof, the sunroof mechanism is very heavy. I saved ~40lbs off the roof of my car by cutting out the old panel and gluing on a non-sunroof roof. There's a thread on it on rs25.com, possibly here too I can't remember.

Had it up to 220kmh+ with no vibration or cracking.
bue car 01-06-2012 03:04 PM

no just a l roof. it has to come off for the cage so.. i should replace it.
bue car 01-06-2012 03:06 PM

[quote=vicious_fishes;36052758]gut the doors (up to the inside handles) and cut the crash bars out of them.[/quote]

i would love real carbon doors.. but we all have to face reality :lol:

i will remove said items and weight em for us. the cage will replace the crash beams in the door.

thanks for the suggestions gents!
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 03:33 PM

[quote=vicious_fishes;36052758]gut the doors (up to the inside handles) and cut the crash bars out of them.[/quote]

I venture you can even cut the inside handles out. Replace the inside handle/door latch with a cargo strap webbing. Rivet one end of the strap webbing to the front jam of the door and attach the other end to the actual latching mechanism on the rear of the door.

To open the door from the inside just pull on the strap. Pop!

[IMG]http://forums.pelicanparts.com/uploads7/Resize+of+2005+10+01+0611146250746.jpg[/IMG]
Here's a refined version of one in a 911. Just pull on that leather strap and pop goes the door.
bue car 01-06-2012 04:19 PM

fascinating...
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 04:49 PM

Been working on a few things:

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4516.jpg[/IMG]
The hood catch looked like it could could shed a few.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4517.jpg[/IMG]
Went from 152 grams to 111. A [B]savings of 41 grams (0.09 lb/1.4 oz)[/B]. So not much. Took lots of time.:sadbanana:

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4518.jpg[/IMG]
Cut these off the upper radiator hose and the PS supply hose. [B]69 grams (0.15 lb)[/B]

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4520.jpg[/IMG]
OEM Radiator tab (already lightened version) 190 grams (95 grams x 2)

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4519.jpg[/IMG]
Custom Aluminum Radiator tabs 41 grams. [B]Saved 149 grams (0.33 lb)[/B]
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 05:01 PM

Took [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showpost.php?p=33915403&postcount=1072"]inspiration from JDwhiteWRX[/URL]

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4509.jpg[/IMG]
The 526 gram steel hood prop needed some help.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4511.jpg[/IMG]
Cut the ends off.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4524.jpg[/IMG]
Glued them on to a custom bent aluminum tube (JB Weld) for a total of 230 grams. [B]Saved 296 grams (0.65 lb)[/B]

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4530.jpg[/IMG]
[B]Total Saving for the hood prop rod, radiator tabs, hood catch, and the 2 fluid hose covers: 555 grams (1.22 lb)[/B]

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4528.jpg[/IMG]
Not bad
Mr. Me 01-06-2012 05:14 PM

That seems like a lot of work for 1.22 lbs. Especially when there are heavier things to remove. Ie ac, lighter seats, bumper beams etc
bue car 01-06-2012 05:35 PM

[quote=Mr. Me;36054252]That seems like a lot of work for 1.22 lbs. Especially when there are heavier things to remove. Ie ac, lighter seats, bumper beams etc[/quote]


we are far past that....:lol:
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 05:35 PM

[quote=Mr. Me;36054252]That seems like a lot of work for 1.22 lbs. Especially when there are heavier things to remove. Ie ac, lighter seats, bumper beams etc[/quote]

Lot of work. Sometimes it pays off. Sometimes it doesn't. Took a lot of work to get to the weight my car is currently at: 316.49 lb under stock weight with full interior and AC. What does that mean? That's two people (guy and girl) worth of mass NOT in my car. OR almost 8 bags of water softener salt. EIGHT! My car is fast approaching a 10% reduction in total mass than when it rolled off the ship.

AC: I live in Las Vegas not Washington State.

Lighter Seats: $1,800 is not something I have just laying around. But I have considered it.

Bumper Beams: Done.

[quote=bue car;36054398]we are far past that....:lol:[/quote]
Ain't that the truth.
JDwhiteWRX 01-06-2012 05:40 PM

[quote=68Cadillac;36054151]Took [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showpost.php?p=33915403&postcount=1072"]inspiration from JDwhiteWRX[/URL]
[/quote]

nice! I like how you used the stock ends of the bonnet prop.

I have been busy adding weight to mine ;)

[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010107.jpg[/IMG]
68Cadillac 01-06-2012 05:49 PM

[quote=JDwhiteWRX;36054443]I have been busy adding weight to mine[/quote]
JD you should do a separate write up on that splitter. New post. I love projects like that.
bue car 01-06-2012 05:58 PM

why lip? cuz i'm a boss
JDwhiteWRX 01-06-2012 06:10 PM

[quote=68Cadillac;36054508]JD you should do a separate write up on that splitter. New post. I love projects like that.[/quote]

Yeah eventually I will but I wanted to finish it and test it first, I have a detailed journal on the Aussie wrx forum [URL="http://www.rexnet.com.au/forum/index.php?/topic/129953-joels-my05-wrx/"][COLOR="Black"]here[/COLOR][/URL] with lots of photos and details about my car.
68Cadillac 01-12-2012 12:25 AM

[URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showpost.php?p=36107582&postcount=102"]Rebuilt a portion of my PS Pump[/URL]. This is my second time opening it up.

No weight saving to be had in the pump that I could see. But the bracket/cradle looked promising.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4557.jpg[/IMG]
Started with 782 grams. Strangely heavy for a 95% aluminum piece.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4556.jpg[/IMG]
It's hardware came off at 80 grams.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4583.jpg[/IMG]
Went to town on it with drills, stepbits, files, a hacksaw, a grinders, and a cut off wheel.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4582.jpg[/IMG]
Got it down to 651 grams.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4584.jpg[/IMG]
And since I cut off the section of used that 80 grams bit of hardware I only needed this single piece. 15 grams

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4585.jpg[/IMG]
Altogether went from 862 grams to 666 grams :devil:. [B]Saved 196 grams (0.43 lb)[/B] altogether. And now I have to go old school style to tighten the PS Pump and Alternator belt. Beauty is pain.
gtasti 01-12-2012 01:12 AM

caddy ur going nut good job keep it up
drift king 01-12-2012 02:07 AM

Caddy were you at in vegas? i need some help like this.
Str8Gone 01-12-2012 11:00 PM

^Cadillac I want your pullies :D I just removed my sunvisors, the small front interior lights and the metal pieces behind the oh **** handles. Then I redid the headliner in black to cover up the holes from deleted items, about 50$ in material for the headliner. I'd say a good 5lbs reduction from the roof area.
Hold_Fast 01-13-2012 06:34 AM

Speaking of Cadillac's pulley's, where the hell did you get those?
Splinter 01-13-2012 11:40 AM

Judging by the name on the pulley, unorthodox racing ;)
68Cadillac 01-13-2012 12:17 PM

Yep, My pulleys are Unorthodox Racing. Red Anodized, Under-driven, All Aluminum. [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showthread.php?t=132230"]I wrote a review[/URL].

Initially I didn't want the under-driven or even the red. UR found they couldnt sell them and had a blow out sale 4 years ago for all under-driven and/or color tinted products. Sold them at like 65% off so they could unload them from the warehouse.
bue car 01-13-2012 12:33 PM

you drive with your new bracket? does it slip or stay tight?
ATDmotorsports 01-13-2012 12:54 PM

[quote="68Cadillac"]Yep, My pulleys are Unorthodox Racing. Red Anodized, Under-driven, All Aluminum. [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showthread.php?t=132230"]I wrote a review[/URL].

Initially I didn't want the under-driven or even the red. UR found they couldnt sell them and had a blow out sale 4 years ago for all under-driven and/or color tinted products. Sold them at like 65% off so they could unload them from the warehouse.[/quote]

Do these things squeak like crazy on start up or when it's cold?
Hold_Fast 01-13-2012 01:05 PM

[quote=68Cadillac;36114519]Yep, My pulleys are Unorthodox Racing. Red Anodized, Under-driven, All Aluminum. [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showthread.php?t=132230"]I wrote a review[/URL].

Initially I didn't want the under-driven or even the red. UR found they couldnt sell them and had a blow out sale 4 years ago for all under-driven and/or color tinted products. Sold them at like 65% off so they could unload them from the warehouse.[/quote]

[quote=Splinter;36114159]Judging by the name on the pulley, unorthodox racing ;)[/quote]

:facepalm: You guys are the best.
68Cadillac 01-13-2012 02:20 PM

[quote=bue car;36114652]you drive with your new bracket? does it slip or stay tight?[/quote]
Only had it on a few days. Stays right where I set it.

[quote=ATDmotorsports;36114825]Do these things squeak like crazy on start up or when it's cold?[/quote]
It doesn't get really cold where I live (<---see sidebar) but I haven't noticed any squealling when it gets super duper cold (~30 degrees F).

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4586.jpg[/IMG]
Here's how I tighten my belt now. When I first did it I actually did it too tight. Virtually no play at all. :eek: Backed it off to about 1/4" of play now.
68Cadillac 01-20-2012 12:30 AM

I bought a set of Tumble Generator Valves and an intake manifold from a salvage yard. I admit it's nice to have the spare set to work on so I don't feel rushed to get it back on the car and working.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4589.jpg[/IMG]
Using JB Weld like a pro on the TGV deletes.

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4588.jpg[/IMG]
Green Brackets of Death will no longer work with my set up, plus new holes

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4590.jpg[/IMG]
The backside

[IMG]http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t278/RasmusHansen/SubaruParts/IMG_4587.jpg[/IMG]
They're still rough I wanted to show something mid way through.
gtasti 01-21-2012 04:45 PM

how much u pay for those from the wreakers

looks like a good idea
JDwhiteWRX 01-21-2012 05:50 PM

I cheated and bought one of those one piece spec c manifolds ;)

Yesterday I made a little in-tank anti fuel surge device whcih cost me nothing to make. Petrol weight is 1Litre = 0.711kg so for example if you were running the tank with only 20 Litres in it you are saving around 28.5kg in a wrx with a 60L tank which is very significant!

Here it is

[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010011-9.jpg[/IMG]

I then added a few holes but only on the right hand side because wrx's suffer from fuel surge on long high G right hand turns. What happens is when you make a right hand turn all the fuel goes flying across the fuel tank to the left hand side and if the corner is long enough there won't be enough fuel at the pickup to power out of the corner. This starts happening on certain corners in my car at half a tank of fuel. So by having no holes on the left hand side of the anti surge tank the fuel can not escape in a right hand turn.

Right hand side
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010014-4.jpg[/IMG]

Front
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010015-7.jpg[/IMG]

Left hand side
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010017-4.jpg[/IMG]

The fuel pump assembly also has a little pump that bring fuel back over from the left hand side and drops it above the pickup sock. I have extended this so it drops the fuel into my anti surge tank
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010021-8.jpg[/IMG]

You can see I have a cable tie wrapped around the fuel pump to hold everything in place when I slide it back into the cars fuel tank
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010023-6.jpg[/IMG]

I was able to test it on some long right hand corners near my house and it worked a treat, no sign of fuel surge with bugger all petrol in the tank!

This is where my fuel was at during testing this afternoon.
[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/21012012426.jpg[/IMG]
gtasti 01-22-2012 11:08 AM

wow great idea jdwhite

what kinda bottle is that also your pick up location is on the passenger side of the car right

maybe I'll do something like this to mine
u2_m4r1n3 01-22-2012 11:59 AM

Buy a second fuel pump housing assembly and put it on the opposite side... With your home made piece like the other side.
JDwhiteWRX 01-22-2012 05:23 PM

[quote=gtasti;36187392]wow great idea jdwhite

what kinda bottle is that also your pick up location is on the passenger side of the car right

maybe I'll do something like this to mine[/quote]

Its a diff oil bottle, you can use anything made from HDPE, most people use radio controlled aeroplane fuel tanks but my pickup sock was too big so I just looked for bottles in my garage and found the almost empty diff oil container.

I can't take the credit for the idea, my friend did one on his car and it worked really well, I found the details here [url]http://www.rs25.com/forums/f128/t49108-fuel-cut-when-racing-help.html[/url]

My car is RHD, pickup is on the drivers side.
gtasti 01-22-2012 11:24 PM

ok thanks for the clearfication of the pick-up wasnt sure if the right hand right drive had it on the left side or not thanks
A-man07 01-24-2012 09:07 AM

[quote=JDwhiteWRX;36184543]

[IMG]http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd209/sivadleoj/P1010023-6.jpg[/IMG]

[/quote]

Loving the Vans. Memories of 25 years ago : )
Hold_Fast 01-24-2012 09:28 AM

[quote=68Cadillac;36172790]I bought a set of Tumble Generator Valves and an intake manifold from a salvage yard. I admit it's nice to have the spare set to work on so I don't feel rushed to get it back on the car and working.


[B]Green Brackets of Death will no longer work with my set up, plus new holes[/B][/quote]

Currently getting rid of mine too. Do you forsee any problems with mounting the upper coolant reservoir now that one of the mounting points will be gone?
68Cadillac 01-24-2012 12:29 PM

[quote=Hold_Fast;36199354]Currently getting rid of mine too. Do you forsee any problems with mounting the upper coolant reservoir now that one of the mounting points will be gone?[/quote]

None whatsoever. I [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showpost.php?p=30515881&postcount=678"]removed the upper coolant reservoir tab connecting to the GBoD[/URL] long ago.

[quote=gtasti;36184110]how much u pay for those from the wreakers[/quote]
I bought my used parts from a salvage yard I found from[URL="http://car-part.com"] Car-Part.com[/URL]. Don't forget the Dash. Car DASH Part. Currently they have them listed from $95 - $300. I think I waited and bought mine for $70 plus shipping for both TGVs and the Manifold. Just depends on the stock the individual yards have the day you look. Neat thing is once I'm done and swap out I can sell the one that came with the car right here on NASIOC and get my money back.
Hold_Fast 01-24-2012 12:45 PM

[quote=68Cadillac;36200988]None whatsoever. I [URL="http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showpost.php?p=30515881&postcount=678"]removed the upper coolant reservoir tab connecting to the GBoD[/URL] long ago.[/quote]

:bowsinrespect: Thank you, King of weight reduction.

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